List of archaeological periods (North America)

Many archaeological periods, cultures, complexes, and peoples have been identified in North America.

Five Stage Classification

One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods & cultures was established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into 5 phases. These are:

• The Lithic stage
• The Archaic stage
• The Formative stage
• The Classic stage
• The Post-Classic stage

For more detail on these five major stages, which are still in use in Mesoamerican archaeology, see Mesoamerican chronology and Archaeology of the Americas. Also refer to the articles for each stage.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Paleo Indians (Lithic stage) (18000 BCE - 8000 BCE)		Clovis culture
		Western Fluted Point Tradition		c. 11200 BCE - 9000 BCE, California
		Post Pattern		c. 11000 BCE - 7000 BCE, NW California
		Folsom tradition		c. 9000 BCE - 8000 BCE
		Dalton Tradition		c. 8500 BCE - 7900 BCE
Archaic period, (Archaic stage) (8000 BCE - 1000 BCE)	by Time Period	Early Archaic 8000 BCE - 6000 BCE	Plano cultures
			Paleo-Arctic Tradition	8000 BCE - 5000 BCE
			Maritime Archaic
			Red Paint People
		Middle Archaic 6000 BCE - 3000 BCE	Chihuahua tradition	c. 6000 BCE - c. 250 CE
		Late Archaic 3000 BCE - 1000 BCE	Arctic Small Tool tradition	2500 BCE - 800 BCE
			Aleutian tradition	2500 BCE - 1800 BCE
	by location	Great Basin	Desert Archaic
			Middle Archaic
			Late Archaic
		Great Lakes	Old Copper Complex	c. 4000 BCE - c. 1000 BCE
		Mesoamerica	Mexican Archaic
		Southwest: Southwestern Archaic Traditions	San Dieguito-Pinto tradition	c. 6500 BCE - c. 200 CE
			Chihuahua (Southeastern) Tradition	c. 6000 BCE - c. 250 CE
			Oshara (Northern) Tradition	c. 5500 BCE - c. 600 CE
			Cochise Tradition	5000 BCE - 200 BCE
		California	Millingstone Horizon (or Encinitas Tradition)	c. 5500 BCE - 1500 BCE
			Intermediate Horizon (or Campbell Tradition)	c. 1500 BCE - 1000 CE
Post-archaic period, (Post-archaic stage) (1000 BCE - Present)	in North	Norton tradition	Choris Stage	c. 1000 BCE - 500 BCE
			Norton	500 BCE - 800 CE
			Ipiutak Stage	1 CE - 800 CE
		Dorset culture		500 BCE - 1500 CE
		Thule people		1000 CE - 1600 CE
	in Southwest and by Pecos Classification	Early Basketmaker II Era		1200 BCE - 50 CE
		Late Basketmaker II Era		50 CE - 500 CE
		Basketmaker III Era		500 CE - 750 CE
		Pueblo I Era		750 CE - 900 CE
		Pueblo II Era		900 CE - 1150 CE
		Pueblo III Era		1150 CE - 1350 CE
		Pueblo IV Era		1350 CE - 1600 CE
		Pueblo V Era		1600 CE - Present
	in Southwest and by peoples	Ancient Pueblo Peoples (Anasazi)		1 CE - 1300 CE
		Hohokam		200 CE - 1450 CE
		Fremont		400 CE - 1350 CE
		Patayan		700 CE - 1550 CE
		Mogollon		700 CE - 1400 CE
	in East and by peoples	Early Woodland Period 1000 BCE - 1 CE	Adena culture	1000 BCE - 100 BCE
			Deptford culture	800 BCE - 200 CE
		Middle Woodland Period 1 - 500	Hopewell culture	200 BCE - 400 CE
			Swift Creek culture (a Hopewellian culture)	100 - 500
			Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture (a Hopewellian culture)	100 - 300
			Marksville culture (a Hopewellian culture)	1 - 400
			Copena culture (a Hopewellian culture)	1 - 500
		Late Woodland Period 500 - 1000	Coles Creek culture	700 - 1100
		Mississippian culture 900 - 1500 (ending with European contact)	Early Mississippian culture	1000 - 1200
			Middle Mississippian culture	1200 - 1400
			Late Mississippian culture	1400 - 1500 (or European contact)
		Fort Ancient (a non-Mississippian culture)		1000 - 1550
	in Florida and adjacent parts of Alabama and Georgia, by culture	Weeden Island culture 100 - 1000	Cades Pond culture	100 - 700
			Kolomaki culture	350 - 750
			McKeithen Weeden Island culture	200 - 700
			Weeden Island I	200 - 750
			Weeden Island II	750 - 1000
		Wakulla culture		750 - 1000
		Fort Walton culture		1000 - European contact
		Pensacola culture		1250 - European contact
		Suwannee Valley culture		750 - European contact
		Alachua culture		700 - European contact
		Manasota culture		550 BCE - 800 CE
		Safety Harbor culture		800 - European contact
		Caloosahatchee culture		500 BCE - European contact
		St. Johns culture		550 BCE - European contact
		Belle Glade culture		1050 BCE - European contact
		Glades culture		550 BCE - European contact

Culture, phase, and chronological table for the Mississippi Valley

Lower Mississippi Periods	Lower Yazoo Phases	Lower Yazoo Dates	Tensas/Natchez Phases	Cahokia Phases	Cahokia Dates	Ohio/Miss. River Confluence Phases	Ohio/Miss.Dates
Historic	Russell	1650 - 1750 CE	Tensas/Natchez	Vacant Quarter	1350 CE - European Contact	Jackson Phase	1500-1650 CE
Plaquemine/Mississippian culture Late Plaquemine/Mississippian Middle Plaquemine/Mississippian Early Plaquemine/Mississippian	Wasp Lake	1400-1650 CE	Translyvania/Emerald
	Lake George	1300-1400 CE	Fitzhugh/Foster	Sand Prairie	1275-1350 CE	Medley Phase	1300-1500 CE
	Winterville	1200-1300 CE	Routh/Anna	Moorehead	1200-1275 CE	Dorena Phase	1100-1300 CE
Transitional Coles Creek	Crippen Point	1050-1200 CE	Preston/Gordon	Lohmann Sterling	1050-1200 CE
Coles Creek culture Late Coles Creek Middle Coles Creek Early Coles Creek	Kings Crossing	950-1050 CE	Balmoral	Terminal Late Woodland	900 - 1050 CE	James Bayou Phase	900-1100 CE
	Aden	800-950 CE	Ballina
	Bayland	600-800 CE	Sundown	Late Woodland	400 - 900 CE	Cane Hills Phase Berkley Phase	600 - 900 CE 400 - 600 CE
Baytown culture Baytown 2 Baytown 1	Deasonville	500-600 CE	Marsden
	Little Sunflower	400-500 CE	Indian Bayou
Marksville culture Late Marksville Early Marksville	Issaquena	200-400 CE	Issaquena	Middle Woodland	200 BCE - 400 CE	La Plant Burkett	100 BCE-400 CE 550-100 BCE
	Anderson Landing	0-200 CE	Point Lake/ Grand Gulf
Tchefuncte culture	Tuscola	400 BCE-0 CE	Panther Lake
Jaketown	Poverty Point	700- 400 BCE	Frasier	Early Woodland	700-200 BCE	O'Bryan Ridge	700-550 BCE
-		1000-700 BCE	-	Late Archaic	1000 - 200 BCE

Lower Mississippi, Lower Yazoo, and Tensas/Natchez table taken from "Emerging Patterns of Plum Bayou Culture:Preliminary Investigations of the Toltec Mounds Research Project", by Martha Ann Rolingson, 1982, Pg-66. Cahokia phases and dates taken from "Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians", by Timothy Pauketat, 2004, Pp-6. . Ohio and Mississippi River Confluence Phases and dates taken from "Kentucky Archaeology", edited by R. Barry Lewis, 1996, Pg - 16.

References

• Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips (1957). Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89888-9. 
• Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1360-2. 
• Milanich, Jerald T. (1990). State of Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. Florida Historical Contexts (PDF). Florida Historical Contexts. Retrieved on 2006-03-28.
• Milanich, Jerald T. & Claudine Payne (ed.) (September 1993). State of Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. Historic Contexts (in full) (DOC). Florida Historical Contexts. Retrieved on 2006-03-27.
• Milanich, Jerald T. (1998) Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. University Press of Florida. ISBN 1-8130-1599-5
• Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida. ISBN 1-8130-1273-2
• National Park Service Southeast Archaeological Center - The Woodland Period (ca. 2000 B.C.- A.D. 1000) (HTM). Outline of Prehistory and History. Retrieved on 2006-04-03.
• Philip Phillips (1970). Archaeological Survey In The Lower Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, 1949-1955(Part One). Published by the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 77-80028.

See also

• List of archaeological periods - parent page
• Archaeological culture
• Archaeology of the Americas
• Mississippian culture

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